TQM is a management approach focused on continuous improvement, customer satisfaction, and employee involvement in quality control processes.

Industry 4.0 can improve operations by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, process optimization, and enhanced decision-making.

Robotics improves manufacturing by increasing efficiency, precision, and safety, while also reducing labor costs and repetitive tasks.

Key components include sourcing, production, inventory management, distribution, and customer service.

IoT connects devices and equipment in factories to collect and exchange data, enabling real-time monitoring, remote control, and predictive maintenance.