Lean manufacturing is a systematic approach aimed at minimizing waste while maximizing productivity and efficiency.

Key components include sourcing, production, inventory management, distribution, and customer service.

Benefits include reduced costs, improved quality, shorter lead times, increased flexibility, and better customer satisfaction.

Factories can reduce energy consumption through measures such as upgrading equipment, optimizing processes, implementing energy-efficient technologies, and using renewable energy sources.

IoT connects devices and equipment in factories to collect and exchange data, enabling real-time monitoring, remote control, and predictive maintenance.